diff --git a/include/blowfish/blowfish.h b/include/blowfish/blowfish.h
index 7307cbe..83c9aa5 100644
--- a/include/blowfish/blowfish.h
+++ b/include/blowfish/blowfish.h
@@ -4,32 +4,34 @@
 // Original Blowfish Algorithm copyright:
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 1997 Paul Kocher
 
-#include <algorithm>
+#pragma once
 #include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
 
 #define MAXKEYBYTES 56 // 448 bits max
-#define N 16
+static constexpr uint32_t N = 16;
 
 #if !defined(BLOWFISH_BLOWFISH_H_)
 #define BLOWFISH_BLOWFISH_H_
 
 class Blowfish {
 private:
-  std::array<uint32_t, N + 2> PArray;
-  std::array<std::array<uint32_t, 256>, 4> Sboxes;
-  uint32_t F(uint32_t x);
+  std::array<uint32_t, N + 2> PArray{};
+  std::array<std::array<uint32_t, 256>, 4> Sboxes{};
+  uint32_t F(uint32_t x) const noexcept;
 
 public:
-  Blowfish() {}
-  Blowfish(std::string const &key);
+  Blowfish() = default;
+  explicit Blowfish(std::string const &key);
   Blowfish(Blowfish const &) = delete;
 
-  void initialize(std::string const &key);
+  void initialize(const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen);
+  void initialize(const std::string &key);
 
-  void encrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr);
-  void decrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr);
+  void encrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr) noexcept;
+  void decrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr) noexcept;
+  ~Blowfish();
 };
 
 #endif // BLOWFISH_BLOWFISH_H_
diff --git a/include/blowfish/blowfish2.h b/include/blowfish/blowfish2.h
index a03ef85..f38a8df 100644
--- a/include/blowfish/blowfish2.h
+++ b/include/blowfish/blowfish2.h
@@ -4,32 +4,35 @@
 // Original Blowfish 2 Algorithm copyright:
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2005 Alexander Pukall
 
-#include <algorithm>
+#pragma once
 #include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
 
-#define MAXKEYBYTES 56 // 4224 bits max
-#define N 64
+#define MAXKEYBYTES 56 // 448 bits max
 
 #if !defined(BLOWFISH_BLOWFISH2_H_)
 #define BLOWFISH_BLOWFISH2_H_
 
 class Blowfish2 {
 private:
-  std::array<uint64_t, N + 2> PArray;
-  std::array<std::array<uint64_t, 256>, 8> Sboxes;
-  uint64_t F(uint64_t x);
+  static constexpr uint64_t N = 64;
+  std::array<uint64_t, N + 2> PArray{};
+  std::array<std::array<uint64_t, 256>, 8> Sboxes{};
+  uint64_t F(uint64_t x) const noexcept;
 
 public:
-  Blowfish2() {}
-  Blowfish2(std::string const &key);
-  Blowfish2(Blowfish2 const &) = delete;
+  Blowfish2() = default;
+  explicit Blowfish2(const std::string &key) { initialize(key); }
+
+  Blowfish2(const Blowfish2 &) = delete;
+  Blowfish2 &operator=(const Blowfish2 &) = delete;
 
   void initialize(std::string const &key);
+  void initialize(const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen);
 
-  void encrypt(uint64_t &xl, uint64_t &xr);
-  void decrypt(uint64_t &xl, uint64_t &xr);
+  void encrypt(uint64_t &xl, uint64_t &xr) noexcept;
+  void decrypt(uint64_t &xl, uint64_t &xr) noexcept;
 };
 
 #endif // BLOWFISH_BLOWFISH2_H_
diff --git a/src/blowfish.cc b/src/blowfish.cc
index 3e94b68..7ca093c 100644
--- a/src/blowfish.cc
+++ b/src/blowfish.cc
@@ -225,22 +225,22 @@ static const std::array<std::array<uint32_t, 256>, 4> S = {
       0x3F09252DL, 0xC208E69FL, 0xB74E6132L, 0xCE77E25BL, 0x578FDFE3L,
       0x3AC372E6L}}};
 
-void Blowfish::initialize(std::string const &key) {
-  uint32_t data, datal, datar;
+void Blowfish::initialize(const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen) {
+  uint32_t data = 0;
+  uint32_t datal = 0;
+  uint32_t datar = 0;
+
   Sboxes = S;
-  uint32_t j = 0, keylength = key.length();
+
+  size_t j = 0;
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N + 2; ++i) {
-    data = 0x00000000;
+    data = 0;
     for (uint32_t k = 0; k < 4; ++k) {
       data = (data << 8) | key[j];
-      if (++j >= keylength) {
-        j = 0;
-      }
+      j = (j + 1) % keylen;
     }
     PArray[i] = P[i] ^ data;
   }
-  datal = 0x00000000;
-  datar = 0x00000000;
 
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N + 2; i += 2) {
     encrypt(datal, datar);
@@ -257,29 +257,28 @@ void Blowfish::initialize(std::string const &key) {
   }
 }
 
-Blowfish::Blowfish(std::string const &key) { initialize(key); }
+void Blowfish::initialize(const std::string &key) {
+  initialize(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(key.data()), key.size());
+}
 
-uint32_t Blowfish::F(uint32_t x) {
-  uint16_t a, b, c, d;
-  uint32_t y;
+Blowfish::Blowfish(const std::string &key) : PArray{}, Sboxes{} {
+  initialize(key);
+}
 
-  d = (unsigned int)(x & 0xFF);
-  x >>= 8;
-  d = (unsigned int)(x & 0xFF);
-  x >>= 8;
-  c = (unsigned int)(x & 0xFF);
-  x >>= 8;
-  b = (unsigned int)(x & 0xFF);
-  x >>= 8;
-  a = (unsigned int)(x & 0xFF);
+uint32_t Blowfish::F(uint32_t x) const noexcept {
+  uint8_t a = (x >> 24) & 0xFF;
+  uint8_t b = (x >> 16) & 0xFF;
+  uint8_t c = (x >> 8) & 0xFF;
+  uint8_t d = x & 0xFF;
 
-  y = Sboxes[0][a] + Sboxes[1][b];
+  uint32_t y = Sboxes[0][a] + Sboxes[1][b];
   y ^= Sboxes[2][c];
   y += Sboxes[3][d];
+
   return y;
 }
 
-void Blowfish::encrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr) {
+void Blowfish::encrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr) noexcept {
   uint32_t Xl = xl;
   uint32_t Xr = xr;
 
@@ -296,13 +295,13 @@ void Blowfish::encrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr) {
   xr = Xr;
 }
 
-void Blowfish::decrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr) {
+void Blowfish::decrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr) noexcept {
   uint32_t Xl = xl;
   uint32_t Xr = xr;
 
-  for (uint32_t i = N + 1; i > 1; --i) {
+  for (int i = N + 1; i >= 2; --i) {
     Xl ^= PArray[i];
-    Xr = F(Xl) ^ Xr;
+    Xr ^= F(Xl);
     std::swap(Xl, Xr);
   }
 
@@ -312,3 +311,9 @@ void Blowfish::decrypt(uint32_t &xl, uint32_t &xr) {
   xl = Xl;
   xr = Xr;
 }
+Blowfish::~Blowfish() {
+  std::fill(PArray.begin(), PArray.end(), 0);
+  for (auto &row : Sboxes) {
+    std::fill(row.begin(), row.end(), 0);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/blowfish2.cc b/src/blowfish2.cc
index 0dd9a56..8b6ea33 100644
--- a/src/blowfish2.cc
+++ b/src/blowfish2.cc
@@ -727,22 +727,27 @@ static const std::array<std::array<uint64_t, 256>, 8> S = {
       0xBF2FAD7CDA8F11B8, 0x9B14B76D08EF72BE, 0x8A0E0EEC190EBEBA,
       0x8CF97F6ECE339C68}}};
 
-void Blowfish2::initialize(std::string const &key) {
-  uint64_t data, datal, datar;
-  Sboxes = S;
-  uint64_t j = 0, keylength = key.length();
+void Blowfish2::initialize(const std::string &key) {
+  initialize(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(key.data()), key.size());
+}
+
+void Blowfish2::initialize(const uint8_t *key, size_t keylen) {
+  uint64_t data = 0;
+  uint64_t datal = 0;
+  uint64_t datar = 0;
+
+  Sboxes = S; // assumes static const S exists
+
+  size_t j = 0;
+
   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < N + 2; ++i) {
-    data = 0x00000000;
+    data = 0;
     for (uint64_t k = 0; k < 8; ++k) {
       data = (data << 8) | key[j];
-      if (++j >= keylength) {
-        j = 0;
-      }
+      j = (j + 1) % keylen;
     }
     PArray[i] = P[i] ^ data;
   }
-  datal = 0x00000000;
-  datar = 0x00000000;
 
   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < N + 2; i += 2) {
     encrypt(datal, datar);
@@ -759,9 +764,7 @@ void Blowfish2::initialize(std::string const &key) {
   }
 }
 
-Blowfish2::Blowfish2(std::string const &key) { initialize(key); }
-
-uint64_t Blowfish2::F(uint64_t x) {
+uint64_t Blowfish2::F(uint64_t x) const noexcept {
   unsigned int a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h;
   uint64_t y;
 
@@ -791,7 +794,7 @@ uint64_t Blowfish2::F(uint64_t x) {
   return y;
 }
 
-void Blowfish2::encrypt(uint64_t &xl, uint64_t &xr) {
+void Blowfish2::encrypt(uint64_t &xl, uint64_t &xr) noexcept {
   uint64_t Xl = xl;
   uint64_t Xr = xr;
 
@@ -808,7 +811,7 @@ void Blowfish2::encrypt(uint64_t &xl, uint64_t &xr) {
   xr = Xr;
 }
 
-void Blowfish2::decrypt(uint64_t &xl, uint64_t &xr) {
+void Blowfish2::decrypt(uint64_t &xl, uint64_t &xr) noexcept {
   uint64_t Xl = xl;
   uint64_t Xr = xr;